Skin cancer ranks among the most common cancers worldwide, with two primary types: non-melanoma skin cancer and the more serious, yet less frequent, melanoma. Non-melanoma skin cancers, which develop slowly in the skin’s outer layers, include squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the second most prevalent form of skin cancer.
According to the Skin Cancer Foundation, SCC is characterized by unusual growth of squamous cells and accounts for about 20% of skin cancer cases in the UK, based on data from the NHS. SCC is generally non-life-threatening and highly treatable when detected early. However, if left untreated, it can spread to other parts of the body, leading to severe complications, making early identification essential.
Most cases of SCC are attributed to extended exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from either the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. The cancer commonly appears on areas that are often exposed to sunlight, such as the face, ears, hands, shoulders, upper chest, and back. Nevertheless, SCC can develop on any part of the body, including less obvious areas like the genitals and inside the mouth. It is more prevalent among men and tends to affect older individuals.
The Mayo Clinic outlines several symptoms that may signal the presence of SCC:
- A firm, red nodule
- A flat sore with a scaly crust
- A newly developed sore or raised area on an old scar or ulcer
- A rough, scaly patch on the lip that may develop into an open sore
- A red sore or rough patch inside the mouth
- A red, raised patch or wart-like sore on or near the genitals or anus
The NHS adds that SCC often appears as a firm, pink lump with a rough or crusted surface, which may bleed, feel tender to the touch, and eventually form an ulcer. If you detect any persistent skin abnormalities, such as lumps, sores, lesions, or discoloration that does not heal within four weeks, it is recommended to consult a GP.
Treatment for SCC primarily involves surgery to remove the cancerous tissue along with some surrounding skin. Additional treatments may include cryotherapy (freezing), anti-cancer creams, radiotherapy, and photodynamic therapy (PDT), depending on the size and location of the tumor.
Preventative measures can help reduce the risk of SCC and other skin cancers. These include limiting UV exposure, avoiding the sun during peak hours (10 a.m. to 4 p.m.), and applying sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher daily, even in winter.
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